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Fell running, also known as mountain running and hill running, is the sport of running and racing, off road, over upland country where the gradient climbed is a significant component of the difficulty. The name arises from the origins of the English sport on the fells of northern Britain, especially those in the Lake District.
Fell races are organised on the premise that contenders possess mountain navigational skills and carry adequate survival equipment as prescribed by the organiser.
By the nineteenth century records begin to appear of fell races taking place as a part of community fairs and games. These fairs or games events were often commercial as well as cultural, with livestock shows and sales taking place alongside music, dancing and sports. In a community of shepherds and agricultural labourers comparisons of speed and strength would be interesting to spectators and a source of professional pride for competitors. The most famous of these events in England is the Grasmere Sports meeting in the lake district, with its Guide's Race. This event still takes place every year in August.
Early fell races were mostly professional, in that cash prizes were awarded to the winners. They also attracted bookmakers and gambling. In the nineteenth century the majority of races were professional, although there were amateur races such as the Hallam Chase in Sheffield. The rise of amateur sport in the Victorian era, and the formation of the Amateur Athletic Association in 1880 brought changes to athletic sports, that would eventually create the modern sport of Fell Running. The amateur sport developed, in part from the professional, but it also came from a quite different tradition, associated with mountaineering and the Youth Hostel Association. A formative event in Fell Running history is the Lake District Mountain Trial, inaugurated in 1952. This long distance, endurance event was the first of a number of more complex and longer courses that make less of a spectacle for spectators but a more modern endurance running sport. Over the next few years more long fell races in lakeland followed, such as Ennerdale (1968) and Wasdale (1972). While these endurance races emerged, professional racing continued much as before. Though still under the banner of "professional", at best the prize money would only pay a week’s wages. During the major part of the 20th century the two categories ran as separate sports where a runner could only move to the amateur code after withdrawing from competition for a period of quarantine. Professional racing continued, in parellel with amateur events, right up until 1992, when all fell running was declared open. The professional sport has evolved into open fell running and is administered by the British Open Fell Runners Assocation (BOFRA) who run regular short-distance events with a strong emphasis on junior races.
The Fell Runners Association was inaugurated in April 1970 to organise the duplication of event Calendars for the amateur sport. It now administers the amateur fell running in England, in affiliation with UK athletics. Separate governing bodies exist for each country of the United Kingdom and each country has its own tradition of fell running, though the sport is largely the same. Among the most important races of the year are the Ben Nevis race in Scotland, run regularly since 1937, and the Snowdon Race in Wales.